Newtonian Dynamics: Matter generates gravitational forces acting across an absolute spatial background, governed by Poisson's equation for the gravitational potential, ∇²Φ = 4πGρ.

Einsteinian Geometrodynamics: Mass-energy and spacetime geometry are dynamically coupled through the Einstein field equations, G_μν + Λg_μν = (8πG / c⁴) T_μν .

Emergent / Thermodynamic Gravity (Sakharov → Jacobson → Verlinde): Gravity or spacetime geometry need not be fundamental, but may arise effectively from deeper quantum, thermodynamic, or informational structures, exemplified in spacetime thermodynamics by δQ = T dS.

Atemporal Structural Admissibility (CJM): Physical geometry and observable states are hypothesized to be projections of a deeper atemporal admissibility structure, with physical realization determined through the CJM J-framework, P ≡ NP^J.